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2025, Vol: 2, Issue: 2
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Original Article
Online Published: 29 Mar 2025
 


Chemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Flavonoid Fraction of Garlic Skin Extract: A Potential Source of Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Chukwuma Raphael Ekeanyanwu, Tobenna Chrysogonus Uzoma.


Abstract
Background: Garlic skin, a discarded byproduct of Nigeria’s 136,000-ton annual garlic production, poses an environmental challenge yet holds untapped potential as a source of bioactive compounds. Flavonoids from such waste could provide sustainable alternatives to synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs, though garlic skin’s therapeutic properties remain underexplored.
Aim: This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of a flavonoid-rich fraction from garlic skin extract (FRFGS) and evaluate its anti-inflammatory efficacy in vivo. Methods: Garlic skins from Imo State farmers were methanol-extracted, partitioned with ethyl acetate to isolate FRFGS, and analyzed using FT-IR, HPLC, and GC-FID. Total flavonoid content was quantified against a quercetin standard. Anti-inflammatory activity was tested in a carrageenan-induced paw oedema rat model at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, compared to Diclofenac (50 mg/kg), with TNF-α and IL-6 levels assessed via ELISA.
Results: FRFGS yielded 32.08 ± 2.88 mg/g quercetin-equivalent flavonoids, revealing mainly silymarin, ellagic acid, catechin, luteolin, flavone, quercetin, and kaempferol through HPLC and GC-FID analysis. FT-IR detected functional groups indicative of bioactive molecules. FRFGS exhibited dose-dependent oedema inhibition, with 200 mg/kg achieving 49% reduction (p<0.05) after one week, surpassing Diclofenac’s 42%, and significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-6 (p<0.01). No acute toxicity was observed at tested doses.
Conclusion: Garlic skin’s flavonoid-rich fraction offers potent anti-inflammatory activity, comparable to Diclofenac, and a favourable safety profile, positioning it as a sustainable natural therapeutic resource. These findings underscore its potential for clinical development in inflammation management.

Key words: Garlic Skin Extract; Phytochemical analysis; Bio-active compounds; Flavonoids; Anti-Inflammatory potential.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Ekeanyanwu CR, Uzoma TC. Chemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Flavonoid Fraction of Garlic Skin Extract: A Potential Source of Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents. J Res Complement Med. 2025; 2(2): 43-58. doi:10.5455/JRCM.20250223065313

Web Style

Ekeanyanwu CR, Uzoma TC. Chemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Flavonoid Fraction of Garlic Skin Extract: A Potential Source of Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents. https://www.wisdomgale.com/jrcm/?mno=302657842 [Access: April 07, 2025]. doi:10.5455/JRCM.20250223065313

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Ekeanyanwu CR, Uzoma TC. Chemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Flavonoid Fraction of Garlic Skin Extract: A Potential Source of Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents. J Res Complement Med. 2025; 2(2): 43-58. doi:10.5455/JRCM.20250223065313


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Ekeanyanwu CR, Uzoma TC. Chemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Flavonoid Fraction of Garlic Skin Extract: A Potential Source of Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents. J Res Complement Med. (2025), [cited April 07, 2025]; 2(2): 43-58. doi:10.5455/JRCM.20250223065313


Harvard Style

Ekeanyanwu, C. R. & Uzoma, . T. C. (2025) Chemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Flavonoid Fraction of Garlic Skin Extract: A Potential Source of Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents. J Res Complement Med, 2 (2), 43-58. doi:10.5455/JRCM.20250223065313


Turabian Style

Ekeanyanwu, Chukwuma Raphael, and Tobenna Chrysogonus Uzoma. 2025. Chemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Flavonoid Fraction of Garlic Skin Extract: A Potential Source of Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Journal of Research in Complementary Medicine, 2 (2), 43-58. doi:10.5455/JRCM.20250223065313


Chicago Style

Ekeanyanwu, Chukwuma Raphael, and Tobenna Chrysogonus Uzoma. "Chemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Flavonoid Fraction of Garlic Skin Extract: A Potential Source of Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents." Journal of Research in Complementary Medicine 2 (2025), 43-58. doi:10.5455/JRCM.20250223065313


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Ekeanyanwu, Chukwuma Raphael, and Tobenna Chrysogonus Uzoma. "Chemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Flavonoid Fraction of Garlic Skin Extract: A Potential Source of Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents." Journal of Research in Complementary Medicine 2.2 (2025), 43-58. Print. doi:10.5455/JRCM.20250223065313


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Ekeanyanwu, C. R. & Uzoma, . T. C. (2025) Chemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Flavonoid Fraction of Garlic Skin Extract: A Potential Source of Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Journal of Research in Complementary Medicine, 2 (2), 43-58. doi:10.5455/JRCM.20250223065313


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