The Microbiome Revolution: Mechanistic Insights, Clinical Diagnostics, and Novel Therapies

Sadiya Rehman; Mohd Irshad; Atiqur Rahman; Mohd Babu Khan; Abu Sahma Khan; Salamt Ullah

doi:10.5455/EJMID.20250906080016

Abstract
Abstract
Background: The human microbiome plays a central role in maintaining health and contributing to disease pathogenesis through mechanisms involving metabolism, immune regulation, and host–microbe interactions. Advances in sequencing technologies and multi-omics approaches have revolutionized our ability to profile microbial communities and uncover their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
Methods: This review synthesizes evidence from genomics, metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the microbiome’s role in human health and disease. Literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was critically evaluated, with emphasis on clinical diagnostics, emerging microbiome-based therapies, and ethical considerations.
Results: Multi-omics integration highlights the dynamic interplay between microbial communities and host physiology. Clinical applications include microbiome-based biomarkers for early disease detection, precision diagnostics in metabolic and inflammatory disorders, and therapeutic innovations such as probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Ethical issues related to data ownership, privacy, and equitable access to microbiome-based interventions remain critical challenges.
Conclusion: The human microbiome represents a frontier in personalized medicine, offering transformative opportunities in diagnostics and therapy. Future efforts should focus on standardized methodologies, regulatory frameworks, and equitable clinical translation to fully harness microbiome-driven healthcare innovations.

Key words: Keywords: human microbiome, microbiome diversity, microbiome-based diagnostics, multi-omics, microbiota-targeted therapies